Correct Option
The correct option is 1 only
Explanation
Prehistoric rock paintings, such as those found at Bhimbetka, were created using natural pigments derived from locally available minerals. The longevity of these paintings is attributed to the specific chemical composition of the pigments and the preparation methods used by early humans.
Statement-wise Analysis
- Statement 1 is Correct: The artists used various rocks and minerals to produce different colours. For example, haematite (geru) was used for red, chalcedony for green, and limestone for white. The first step in the preparation involved grinding these rocks or minerals into a fine powder.
- Statement 2 is Incorrect: The powder was not applied directly in dry form. To ensure the pigment adhered to the rock surface, the powder was mixed with water and a binding agent. Common binders included animal fat, marrow, or gum/resin from trees.
- Statement 3 is Incorrect: Synthetic varnishes are modern chemical products and were not available in prehistoric times. The colours have survived for thousands of years because the mineral pigments (often oxides) formed a chemical bond with the rock surface. Furthermore, the natural binders helped fix the colour, and the location of many paintings in deep niches or shelters protected them from the direct impact of weather elements like rain and wind.
Key Takeaway
Key Takeaway: Prehistoric paint preparation involved grinding natural minerals (like haematite and limestone) and mixing them with organic binders (such as animal fat or plant gum) to ensure durability; synthetic materials were not used.