The correct option is 1 and 3 only.
Explanation
The history of medieval Indian painting is defined by the distinction between the indigenous traditions (such as the Western Indian School and the Caurapancasika style) and the Mughal School. The indigenous style prioritized symbolic aesthetics and flat compositions, while the Mughal style introduced naturalism and optical realism derived from Persian and European influences.
Statement 1 is Correct: The indigenous style of painting, prevalent before and during the rise of the Mughals, is characterized by the use of flat planes of colour, bold lines, and a lack of depth or perspective. In contrast, the Mughal style emphasized naturalism, finer brushwork, and spatial depth.
Statement 2 is Incorrect: The indigenous styles were not replaced by the Mughal style. Instead, they continued to flourish and evolve into distinct regional schools, such as the Rajasthani and Pahari schools. While these schools were influenced by Mughal techniques, they retained their core thematic and stylistic identities, co-existing with the Mughal tradition.
Statement 3 is Correct: The Mughal School, particularly under Akbar and Jahangir, incorporated European techniques such as shading and scientific perspective. This allowed for the portrayal of figures with volume and three-dimensionality (modelling). Parallel indigenous schools generally maintained a two-dimensional approach, treating figures and space as flat patterns rather than optical realities.
Key Takeaway: The fundamental difference between Mughal and indigenous paintings lies in the treatment of space and volume; Mughal art is naturalistic and three-dimensional, while indigenous art is flat, bold, and symbolic.