Correct Option
The correct option is 2 only
Explanation
The Neolithic rock art of South India is primarily concentrated in the granite hill ranges of Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. Unlike the sandstone shelters of Central India (e.g., Bhimbetka), these paintings are found on granite surfaces and are distinct in their subject matter, often depicting cattle and daily life associated with settled agriculture and animal husbandry.
Statement-wise Analysis
- Statement 1 is Incorrect: The rock paintings in South India, particularly in districts like Bellary, Raichur, and Koppal, are found on granite rocks. These natural rock shelters provided protection and canvas for Neolithic communities. Notable sites include Kupgallu, Piklihal, and Tekkalkota.
- Statement 2 is Correct: The paintings are not exclusively monochromatic in red ochre. Scholars have identified three distinct phases in this region:
- Paintings executed in white.
- Paintings in red ochre over a white background.
- Paintings in red ochre alone.
- Statement 3 is Incorrect: These rock shelters do not belong exclusively to the Neolithic period. There is significant overlap with the Megalithic and Early Historic periods. Superimposition of paintings is common, where later historical figures and symbols were painted over or alongside earlier Neolithic motifs, indicating a continuity of tradition and site usage.
Key Takeaway
South Indian Neolithic paintings are characterized by their location on granite rocks, the predominance of bull/cattle motifs, and the use of both white and red pigments, often continuing into the Megalithic period.