The correct option is (a).
Explanation
The 16th century marked a pivotal transformation in Indian military history with the introduction and effective utilization of gunpowder technology. The First Battle of Panipat (1526) is historically significant for the strategic deployment of field artillery and firearms in North India.
Statement 1 is Correct:
Cannons and muskets were a significant addition to warfare during the 16th century. Babur is credited with effectively introducing gunpowder artillery in North Indian warfare. His forces utilized matchlocks and field cannons, which provided a decisive advantage over traditional armies that relied primarily on elephants and cavalry.
Statement 2 is Incorrect:
Babur did not rely solely on archers. In the First Battle of Panipat against Ibrahim Lodi, Babur employed a strategic combination of cavalry (mounted archers) and artillery. He utilized the Ottoman (Rumi) device, which involved lashing carts together (the Araba) to protect his cannons and matchlockmen. The effective use of gunpowder by his master gunners, Ustad Ali and Mustafa, was a primary factor in his victory, contradicting the claim that he relied only on archers.
Key Takeaway:
Babur’s victory in the First Battle of Panipat (1526) was driven by the Tulughma strategy (flanking maneuver) and the Araba system (carts shielding artillery), marking the effective beginning of the gunpowder age in Mughal warfare.