The correct option is 1 only
Explanation
The Buddhist Sangha was a monastic order established by Gautama Buddha. Its internal administration and operational procedures were distinct from the monarchical systems prevalent at the time, reflecting the political traditions of the republican states where Buddhism originated.
Statement 1 is Correct:
The internal functioning of the Buddhist Sangha was modeled on the traditions of the ganas and sanghas (oligarchies or republics) of ancient India, such as the Sakyas and the Vajjis. Just as these political entities functioned through assemblies and collective deliberation, the Buddhist monastic order adopted democratic procedures for its governance.
Statement 2 is Incorrect:
The Sangha was not governed by a single authoritarian head monk. Instead, decisions were arrived at through discussions and consensus within the assembly of monks. If a consensus could not be reached, decisions were made by a vote on the subject. The system included specific rules for quorum, moving resolutions (natti), and the use of voting tickets (salaka).
Key Takeaway:
The Buddhist Sangha functioned on democratic principles resembling the ancient republican ganas, utilizing consensus and voting rather than the authoritarian rule of a single leader.