The correct option is 2 and 3 only.
Explanation
The Green Revolution refers to the substantial increase in the production of food grains in India, initiated in the mid-1960s. It was driven by the adoption of High Yielding Variety (HYV) seeds, mechanization, and modern agricultural techniques, primarily aiming to ensure food security.
Statement 1 is Incorrect:
The Green Revolution primarily focused on food grains, specifically wheat and rice, rather than cash crops. Commercial crops like cotton, jute, and oilseeds were not the immediate target of this phase; their production growth occurred later or through separate initiatives (e.g., the Golden Fiber Revolution for jute or Silver Fiber Revolution for cotton).
Statement 2 is Correct:
The cultivation of HYV seeds required a specific "package" of inputs to be effective. These seeds were highly sensitive and needed assured irrigation and the application of chemical fertilizers and pesticides in correct proportions. An imbalance in these inputs could lead to pest attacks or reduced yields, making precise resource management essential.
Statement 3 is Correct:
Prior to the Green Revolution, India relied heavily on food imports (such as the PL-480 program from the USA). The significant surge in wheat and rice production enabled India to build buffer stocks and achieve self-sufficiency in food grains, thereby ending dependence on foreign countries for staple food requirements.
Key Takeaway:
The Green Revolution was a technology-driven shift in the primary sector focused on wheat and rice (food crops) to achieve food security, characterized by the intensive use of irrigation and chemical inputs.