The correct option is 2 and 3 only.
Explanation
A federal system is characterized by a constitutional division of powers between a central authority and constituent political units (states or provinces). To ensure this division remains viable and respected, certain structural features are considered essential prerequisites to prevent the dominance of one level of government over the other.
Statement-wise Analysis:
- Statement 1 is Incorrect. While dual citizenship (holding separate citizenship for the nation and the state) is a feature of classic federations like the USA and Switzerland, it is not an essential characteristic of a federal system. A federation can function effectively with single citizenship, as observed in India and Canada. In these systems, the structure is federal (dual polity), but the citizenship is unified to ensure national integration.
- Statement 2 is Correct. A written constitution is essential in a federal system. It serves as the supreme source of power and clearly defines the jurisdiction, rights, and duties of both the central and regional governments. Without a written and supreme constitution, there would be ambiguity regarding the division of power, potentially leading to instability.
- Statement 3 is Correct. An independent judiciary is necessary to maintain the federal balance. It acts as the guardian of the constitution and the final arbiter in disputes between the central government and the states, or among the states themselves. This independence ensures that the division of powers is legally enforceable and protected from executive or legislative encroachment.
Key Takeaway:
The indispensable features of a federal system include Dual Government, Written Constitution, Division of Powers, Supremacy of the Constitution, Rigid Constitution, and an Independent Judiciary. Dual citizenship is a variable feature, not a mandatory one.