The correct option is 1 and 3 only.
Explanation
The Mathura School of Art developed indigenously during the Post-Mauryan period (under the Kushanas) and evolved into a classical style during the Gupta period. It played a pivotal role in establishing the iconographic traits of the Buddha, transitioning from robust physical forms to spiritual refinement.
- Statement 1 is Correct: During the Kushana period, the Mathura Buddha images were modeled on earlier Yaksha figures. They are characterized by broad shoulders, a prominent chest, and a fleshy body, conveying a sense of physical strength and volume.
- Statement 2 is Incorrect: In the early Mathura images of the Kushana period, the sanghati (monastic robe) typically covers only the left shoulder, leaving the right shoulder bare. The style where the sanghati covers both shoulders is a distinctive feature of the Gandhara School, not the early Mathura style.
- Statement 3 is Correct: By the fifth and sixth centuries CE (Gupta Period), the Mathura style achieved high refinement. The heavy folds of earlier drapery were replaced by transparent, clinging drapery that is fully integrated into the sculptural mass, highlighting the contours of the body beneath.
Key Takeaway: Early Mathura Buddha images (Kushana) are robust with the right shoulder bare, whereas Gupta-era Mathura images are defined by transparent drapery that clings to the body, integrating clothing with the sculptural form.