The correct option is 1 and 3 only.
Explanation
Population density is defined as the number of persons per unit area (usually per square kilometer). According to the Census of India 2011, the average population density of India is 382 persons per sq. km. Regional variations are significant, influenced by terrain, climate, and economic opportunities.
Statement-wise Analysis:
- Statement 1 is Correct: According to Census 2011, Bihar has the highest population density among Indian states with 1,106 persons per sq. km. West Bengal follows closely with a density of 1,028 persons per sq. km. Prior to 2011, West Bengal held the highest rank, but it was surpassed by Bihar in the 2011 Census.
- Statement 2 is Incorrect: Among the peninsular Indian states, Kerala records the highest population density at 860 persons per sq. km. Tamil Nadu has a population density of 555 persons per sq. km, which is significantly lower than that of Kerala.
- Statement 3 is Correct: Arunachal Pradesh has the lowest population density among all states in India, recorded at 17 persons per sq. km. This is attributed to its rugged mountainous terrain and difficult climatic conditions which restrict dense settlement.
Key Takeaway:
As per Census 2011, Bihar (1,106) has the highest population density among states, while Arunachal Pradesh (17) has the lowest. Among peninsular states, Kerala (860) holds the highest density.