The correct option is (a).
Explanation
In political theory, secularism is fundamentally a normative doctrine that seeks to realize a secular society, one devoid of either inter-religious or intra-religious domination. It promotes freedom of religion and equality among different religious communities, ensuring that the State does not align itself with any specific religion.
Statement-wise Analysis:
- Statement 1 is Correct: The essence of secularism lies in the opposition to all forms of institutionalized religious domination. This includes inter-religious domination (one religion dominating another) and intra-religious domination (members of a religion dominating others within the same fold). Secularism aims to end these hierarchies to ensure equality and freedom.
- Statement 2 is Incorrect: While the Western model of secularism often emphasizes a strict "wall of separation" between Church and State, the essence of secularism does not mandate that religious groups have no contact with State authorities. In many secular models, including the Indian model, the State maintains a "principled distance." This allows the State to intervene in religious matters to protect fundamental rights (e.g., banning untouchability or triple talaq) or to support religious institutions in a non-discriminatory manner.
- Statement 3 is Incorrect: Secularism advocates for the protection of minority rights to prevent the "tyranny of the majority," but it does not imply that the majority must always yield to the demands of the minority. It is based on the principles of justice, equality, and non-discrimination, rather than the subjugation of one group's interests to another.
Key Takeaway:
The core objective of secularism is to prevent domination based on religion, ensuring that the State remains neutral or maintains a principled distance, rather than enforcing absolute isolation or automatic concessions to any specific group.