The correct option is 1 and 3 only
Explanation
The period of 1946-47 witnessed unprecedented communal violence in India, precipitated by the political deadlock over the transfer of power. This phase began with the Muslim League's rejection of the Cabinet Mission Plan and the subsequent call for "Direct Action" to achieve Pakistan, leading to widespread riots and migration.
Statement-wise Analysis
- Statement 1 is Correct: The cycle of communal violence in 1946-47 began with the Direct Action Day on August 16, 1946. The Muslim League called for this day to press its demand for Pakistan. It resulted in the "Great Calcutta Killings," where thousands lost their lives within a few days. This violence subsequently spread to Noakhali, Bihar, and Punjab.
- Statement 2 is Incorrect: Mahatma Gandhi did not refuse to visit Noakhali. On the contrary, he was deeply disturbed by the news of riots in Noakhali (East Bengal) and rushed there in November 1946. He stayed in the riot-affected villages for about four months, walking barefoot from village to village to restore peace and communal harmony, disregarding his own security.
- Statement 3 is Correct: On August 15, 1947, while the rest of the country and the political leadership were celebrating Independence in Delhi, Mahatma Gandhi was in Calcutta. He was staying at Hyderi Manzil to quell the communal riots consuming the city. He marked the day with a 24-hour fast and prayer, rather than participating in official celebrations. Lord Mountbatten famously referred to him as the "One Man Boundary Force" for his success in maintaining peace in Bengal compared to the chaos in Punjab.
Key Takeaway
Direct Action Day (August 16, 1946) triggered the pre-partition communal violence. During Independence (August 15, 1947),
Mahatma Gandhi was in Calcutta attempting to stop riots, having previously spent months in
Noakhali for the same cause.