The correct option is (b).
Explanation
The climate of any place is determined by specific factors known as climatic controls. The six major controls of the climate of any place are latitude, altitude, pressure and wind systems, distance from the sea (continentality), ocean currents, and relief features.- Statement 1 is Incorrect: Due to the curvature of the Earth, the amount of solar energy received varies according to latitude. Consequently, air temperature generally decreases from the equator towards the poles, rather than increasing.
- Statement 2 is Correct: As one moves from the surface of the earth to higher altitudes, the atmosphere becomes less dense. Due to the lower density and the distance from the terrestrial radiation source (the Earth's surface), temperature decreases with increasing height. This rate of decrease is known as the Normal Lapse Rate.
- Statement 3 is Incorrect: Ocean currents, along with onshore winds, significantly affect the climate of coastal areas. Warm currents flowing past a coast raise the temperature of the area, while cold currents lower the temperature. For instance, the warm Gulf Stream moderates the climate of Western Europe.
Key Takeaway: Temperature distribution is primarily controlled by latitude (decreasing from equator to poles) and altitude (decreasing with height). Ocean currents act as a moderating factor for coastal climates.