The correct option is 1 and 3 only.
Explanation
The bronze icons of the Chola period (9th-13th century CE) are considered masterpieces of Indian metal sculpture. The most iconic among them is the image of Nataraja (Shiva as the Lord of Dance), which crystallizes complex cosmological concepts into a dynamic sculptural form. These images were typically created using the cire-perdue (lost-wax) technique.
Statement-wise Analysis:
- Statement 1 is Correct: The image of Nataraja typically has four arms. The upper right hand holds the damaru (hand drum). This symbolizes the rhythmic sound of creation (shrishti), signifying that all creation springs from the vibration of the drum.
- Statement 2 is Incorrect: The upper left hand holds agni (fire) in a vessel or upon the palm. This symbolizes destruction (samhara) or the dissolution of the universe. The damaru is held in the upper right hand, not the upper left.
- Statement 3 is Correct: The main right hand (lower right hand) is held in the abhaya hasta mudra. This is the gesture of reassurance, signifying protection and the removal of fear for the devotee.
Key Takeaway:
In the Chola Nataraja iconography, the balance of the universe is maintained through the Damaru (creation) in the upper right hand and Agni (destruction) in the upper left hand, while the Abhaya Hasta offers protection.