The correct option is (b).
Explanation
The political structure of the early South Indian kingdoms (Cholas, Cheras, and Pandyas) during the Sangam Age was characterized by chiefdoms rather than fully centralized states. The administration relied heavily on kinship ties, military raids, and the redistribution of resources rather than an elaborate bureaucratic taxation system.
Statement-wise Analysis:
- Statement 1 is Incorrect: The early chiefs did not collect regular taxes in the manner of later agrarian empires. Instead of a structured revenue system, they relied on tribute and voluntary contributions. Furthermore, they did not maintain large standing armies; their military strength depended on armed groups, kinsmen, and local warrior clans mobilized during times of conflict.
- Statement 2 is Correct: The chiefs demanded and received gifts from their people. This practice was distinct from formal taxation and was often customary, serving as a primary means of resource accumulation for the ruling class.
- Statement 3 is Correct: Redistribution of wealth was a core feature of the Sangam polity. The chiefs kept a portion of the wealth for themselves and distributed the rest amongst their family, soldiers, and supporters. Poets and bards, who composed praises for the chiefs, were significant beneficiaries of this patronage.
- Statement 4 is Correct: The economy of these chiefdoms was partly sustained by predatory activities. Chiefs frequently led military expeditions into neighbouring areas to exact tribute and plunder resources, which were then redistributed within their own domain.
Key Takeaway:
The administration of the early South Indian kingdoms (Sangam Age) was based on the collection of tribute and gifts rather than regular taxation, and the redistribution of wealth (patronage) was central to the legitimacy of the chiefs.