The correct option is (d).
Explanation
The Kushanas were one of the most significant dynasties to rule over the Indian subcontinent, originating from the Yuezhi tribe of Central Asia. They established a vast empire bridging Central Asia and North India.
- Statement 1 is Correct: The Kushanas effectively had two major centres of power. Peshawar (then known as Purushapura) was their primary capital, while Mathura served as a second capital and a significant cultural and administrative hub.
- Statement 2 is Correct: Taxila was included in the Kushana kingdom. It remained a crucial centre for trade, learning, and administration during their rule.
- Statement 3 is Correct: The Kushanas are noted for their control over the Silk Route. A branch of this trade route extended from Central Asia down the course of the river Indus to its mouth. This allowed goods to be transported to ports (such as Barbaricum) for shipment to the Roman Empire.
- Statement 4 is Correct: The Kushana Empire rose to prominence around 2000 years ago (circa 1st Century CE). Their territory spanned across modern-day Central Asia (including parts of Afghanistan) and North-West India.
Key Takeaway: The Kushanas were instrumental in facilitating trade between India, Central Asia, and the Roman Empire by controlling the Silk Route and establishing dual power centres at Peshawar and Mathura.