The correct option is (a) 1 only.
Explanation
The Protein-Energy Malnutrition (PEM), which primarily affects infants and children. The two main types of PEM are Kwashiorkor (deficiency of protein) and Marasmus (deficiency of both protein and calories/carbohydrates).Statement 1 is Correct: Stunted growth and swelling of the face (edema) are classic symptoms of protein deficiency, specifically known as Kwashiorkor. In this condition, despite some calorie intake, the lack of protein leads to fluid retention (edema), giving the face a swollen or "moon face" appearance, along with stunted physical development.
Statement 2 is Incorrect: Discolouration of hair (hair turning reddish or lighter) is a symptom associated with protein deficiency (Kwashiorkor), not exclusively Vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A deficiency is primarily responsible for ocular issues such as night blindness and xerophthalmia, as well as skin keratinization.
Statement 3 is Incorrect: If the diet is deficient in both carbohydrates and proteins for a prolonged period, the condition is called Marasmus. In this state, the body utilizes its own tissues for energy, leading to extreme emaciation. The growth rate stops completely, and the body weight decreases significantly, leaving the person very lean with thin limbs, rather than increasing.
Key Takeaway: Kwashiorkor is caused by protein deficiency alone (symptoms: edema, swollen face), whereas Marasmus is caused by a combined deficiency of proteins and calories (symptoms: extreme thinness, dry skin, no edema).