The correct option is 2 and 3 only.
Explanation
In his autobiography, Long Walk to Freedom, Nelson Mandela explores the philosophical and practical dimensions of freedom. He distinguishes between personal freedom and the indivisible freedom of all people, arguing that true liberty requires the liberation of both the oppressed and the oppressor.
Statement-wise Analysis:
- Statement 1 is Incorrect: Mandela’s struggle was not exclusively focused on the segregationist policies affecting the black population in isolation. He famously stated, "I have fought against white domination, and I have fought against black domination." He realized that freedom is indivisible and that the struggle was for the establishment of a just society where the humanity of all, including the oppressor, is restored.
- Statement 2 is Correct: The apartheid regime imposed severe restrictions on the personal liberties of the non-white population. These included Pass Laws that restricted movement and settlement, as well as laws like the Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act, which criminalized marriage and sexual relations between people of different races.
- Statement 3 is Correct: Mandela argued that the oppressor must be liberated just as surely as the oppressed. He believed that a man who takes away another man's freedom is a prisoner of hatred, locked behind the bars of prejudice and narrow-mindedness. Therefore, true freedom involves removing obstacles for the white population (the oppressors) as well.
Key Takeaway:
According to Nelson Mandela, freedom is indivisible; the chains on any one of his people were the chains on all of them, and the liberation of the oppressed is incomplete without the liberation of the oppressor from hatred.