Correct Option
The correct option is 1 and 4 only
Explanation
In the agrarian history of the Mughal Empire, crops were broadly classified based on their revenue potential and market value. The term jins-i kamil literally translates to "perfect crops." These were high-value cash crops that the Mughal state encouraged peasants to cultivate because they yielded higher tax revenue compared to staple food crops (jins-i ghalla).
Statement-wise Analysis
- 1. Cotton: Correct. Cotton was considered a jins-i kamil par excellence. It was a primary cash crop grown over vast swathes of territory (e.g., Central India and the Deccan plateau) and was essential for the textile industry, a major export sector.
- 2. Bajra: Incorrect. Bajra (millet) is a coarse grain. In the Mughal classification, coarse grains like bajra and jowar were often grown for subsistence, particularly in drier regions with less rainfall. They were not considered high-value "perfect crops" for revenue generation.
- 3. Wheat: Incorrect. While wheat is a superior food grain compared to millets, it was primarily classified as a food crop (jins-i ghalla) rather than a cash crop in the specific context of jins-i kamil. The distinction emphasizes crops grown specifically for the market (cash crops) versus those grown for sustenance.
- 4. Oilseeds: Correct. Oilseeds (such as mustard and sesame) were cultivated as cash crops and fell under the category of high-value crops encouraged by the state for their commercial value.
Note: According to standard history, cotton and sugarcane are cited as the quintessential examples of jins-i kamil. Oilseeds and lentils are also mentioned as cash crops. Since Bajra is definitely a coarse subsistence grain, options containing it are eliminated.
Key Takeaway
Jins-i kamil refers to high-revenue cash crops like cotton, sugarcane, and oilseeds, which the Mughal state promoted over subsistence food crops (jins-i ghalla) to maximize revenue collection.