The correct option is 1 and 3 only.
Explanation
Human development is a multidimensional concept measured primarily through the Human Development Index (HDI). It assesses development based on three key dimensions: a long and healthy life, access to knowledge, and a decent standard of living. It distinguishes itself from purely economic metrics or physical attributes of a nation.
Statement-wise Analysis
- Statement 1 is Correct: The size of a country's territory has no direct correlation with its human development rank. Large nations do not automatically secure high ranks, nor do small nations necessarily rank low. For instance, smaller nations like Sri Lanka often rank higher than larger neighbours like India in human development indices.
- Statement 2 is Incorrect: While per capita income is a component of human development, it is not always directly proportional to it. A country may have high per capita income but low human development if investments in health and education are insufficient. Conversely, regions with moderate income can achieve high human development through effective social welfare policies (e.g., Kerala in India).
- Statement 3 is Correct: International comparisons frequently indicate that smaller countries have performed better than larger ones in human development. This is often attributed to the relative ease of administration and the efficient delivery of social services in smaller populations and territories.
Key Takeaway
Key Takeaway: Human development is determined by the quality of life (health, education, and income distribution), not merely by the physical size of a territory or the aggregate wealth (per capita income) of a nation.