NCERT Class 7 History — Chapter 8: Eighteenth-Century Political Formations

The correct option is

A family of Chitpavan Brahmanas

Explanation

The office of the Peshwa (Prime Minister) was originally one of the eight ministerial posts in the Ashtapradhan system established by Chhatrapati Shivaji. However, in the early 18th century, the nature of this office changed from an appointed administrative role to a hereditary and supreme executive authority.

Detailed Analysis

• Historical Context: After the death of Aurangzeb and the return of Shahu (Shivaji’s grandson) from Mughal captivity, a struggle for succession ensued within the Maratha royal family.
• Rise of the Chitpavan Brahmanas: Balaji Vishwanath, a capable administrator from the Chitpavan Brahmana community of the Konkan region, was appointed as Peshwa in 1713. He played a crucial role in securing Shahu's position.
• Shift of Power: Balaji Vishwanath made the office of the Peshwa hereditary. His son, Baji Rao I, and grandson, Balaji Baji Rao, further consolidated power. Consequently, the Peshwas became the de facto rulers of the Maratha Empire with their seat in Poona (Pune), while the Chhatrapati (King) became a titular head residing in Satara.
• Elimination of Other Options:
  • Deshmukhs of Poona: While influential in local revenue administration, they did not constitute the lineage of the Peshwas.
  • Kunbi Warrior Chiefs: The Kunbis formed the backbone of the Maratha army and many generals (like the Gaekwads and Scindias) emerged from this background, but the Peshwa family was distinctively Brahmin.
  • Rajput Nobles: The Rajputs were distinct rulers in North India and were not the holders of the Peshwa office.

Key Takeaway

Balaji Vishwanath founded the dynasty of Chitpavan Brahmana Peshwas, who wielded effective political and military power in the Maratha Confederacy from the early 18th century until the empire's decline.