Correct Option
The correct option is Hayek.
Explanation
In political theory, the concept of Liberty is generally classified into two traditions:
- Negative Liberty: Defines freedom as the "absence of external constraints." It focuses on an inviolable area of non-interference where the individual can do as they please. Major thinkers include John Locke, Adam Smith, J.S. Mill, and F.A. Hayek.
- Positive Liberty: Defines freedom as "freedom to" or self-mastery. It focuses on the conditions and capabilities required for an individual to achieve their potential. Major thinkers include Rousseau, Hegel, Marx, Gandhi, and Aurobindo.
Analysis of Options
- Hayek Hayek (Correct Answer): Friedrich Hayek is a prominent proponent of Negative Liberty. He argued that liberty is solely the absence of coercion by others and warned that pursuing "positive" ends (like social justice) through state power could lead to totalitarianism (e.g., in his book The Road to Serfdom).
- Marx Marx: Karl Marx belongs to the Positive Liberty tradition. He argued that true freedom is not just legal freedom but the removal of economic constraints (capitalism) that prevent human self-realization.
- Aurobindo Aurobindo: Sri Aurobindo is associated with Positive Liberty. He viewed freedom as an inner spiritual realization and the capacity for self-rule (Swaraj), moving beyond mere political independence.
- Rousseau Rousseau: Jean-Jacques Rousseau is a foundational figure in Positive Liberty. His concept of the "General Will" suggests that true freedom is obedience to a law one has prescribed for oneself, sometimes implying that individuals can be "forced to be free" to align with their higher rational selves.
Key Takeaway
Negative Liberty seeks to limit the state's interference (freedom from), whereas Positive Liberty seeks to expand the individual's capacity and opportunities, often requiring state enablement (freedom to).