The correct option is 1, 2, 3 and 4.
Explanation
The Ellora Caves (Aurangabad, Maharashtra) represent the culmination of Indian rock-cut architecture, constructed between the 6th and 10th centuries AD under the patronage of dynasties like the Rashtrakutas. The complex comprises 34 caves divided into three religious groups: Buddhist (1-12), Brahmanical (13-29), and Jain (30-34). The Brahmanical caves are renowned for their dynamic, energetic sculptures and include both Shaivite and Vaishnavite themes.
Statement-wise Analysis:
- Statement 1 is Correct: The theme of Ravana shaking Mount Kailash (Ravananugraha-murti) is one of the most iconic depictions at Ellora. It is dramatically portrayed in the Kailasa Temple (Cave 16) and also appears in Cave 29 (Dhumar Lena). It symbolizes Ravana's display of strength and subsequent humbling by Lord Shiva.
- Statement 2 is Correct: Andhakasurvadha depicts Lord Shiva in his fierce form (Bhairava) killing the demon Andhaka. This theme is vividly sculpted in Cave 29 and Cave 15 (Dashavatara Cave), showcasing the aggressive and mobile style characteristic of Rashtrakuta art.
- Statement 3 is Correct: Kalyanasundara refers to the marriage ceremony of Lord Shiva and Goddess Parvati. This gentle and auspicious theme is beautifully carved in Cave 21 (Rameshwara) and Cave 29, contrasting with the fierce martial themes found elsewhere.
- Statement 4 is Correct: While the majority of the Brahmanical caves are Shaivite, Vaishnavism is also represented. Cave 15 is specifically named the Dashavatara Cave and contains panels depicting the ten avatars of Vishnu (such as Varaha, Narasimha, and Trivikrama). Panels related to Vishnu are also found in the galleries of the Kailasa Temple (Cave 16).
Key Takeaway:
The Brahmanical caves at Ellora (Caves 13-29) are not exclusively Shaivite; they exhibit a syncretic blend of Hindu mythology, featuring prominent reliefs of Shiva’s various forms (fierce and benign) alongside significant Vaishnavite imagery (Avatars of Vishnu).