The correct option is (c).
Explanation
An ecosystem is a structural and functional unit of ecology where living organisms interact with each other and with the surrounding physical environment.- Option (a) is Incorrect: Ecosystems are not confined to the hydrosphere (water). They exist across the biosphere, including the lithosphere (land) and the atmosphere. Examples include terrestrial ecosystems (e.g., forests, deserts) and aquatic ecosystems (e.g., ponds, oceans).
- Option (b) is Incorrect: A defining characteristic of an ecosystem is the interaction between organisms. Living beings are not unrelated; they are intrinsically linked through food webs, energy flow, and ecological relationships (e.g., predation, symbiosis).
- Option (c) is Correct: An ecosystem is a life-supporting system characterized by the interdependence of living beings (biotic factors) on one another and on their physical environment. This interdependence facilitates the transfer of energy and nutrients necessary for survival.
- Option (d) is Incorrect: An ecosystem comprises both biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) components. Abiotic elements such as soil, water, air, sunlight, and temperature are essential for the existence and sustenance of the biotic components.
Key Takeaway: An ecosystem is defined by the integrated interaction between biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) components, functioning as a self-sustaining unit of nature.