The correct option is Fear of action by the executive.
Explanation
The independence of the judiciary is a basic feature of the Constitution of India. It ensures that the legal system operates fairly and impartially, free from the influence or pressure of the other two organs of the state-the legislature and the executive.
Analysis:
- Fear of action by the executive Fear of action by the executive: This is the correct answer. For the rule of law to prevail, judges must be able to perform their duties without fear of punitive action, interference, or retribution from the executive branch. Constitutional safeguards, such as security of tenure and difficult removal processes, are in place specifically to prevent this fear from influencing judicial decisions.
- Constitution Constitution: The Constitution is the supreme law of the land. The judiciary is the guardian and final interpreter of the Constitution; therefore, all judicial decisions must be strictly guided by constitutional provisions.
- Precedents Precedents: Judicial precedents (stare decisis) refer to past decisions of higher courts. Under Article 141, the law declared by the Supreme Court is binding on all courts in India. Thus, precedents are a mandatory influence on judicial decisions to ensure consistency.
- Laws Laws: The primary function of the judiciary is to interpret and apply the laws enacted by the legislature. Consequently, statutory laws are the fundamental basis for adjudication.
Key Takeaway: The judiciary must be guided by the Constitution, statutory laws, and legal precedents, but it must remain completely insulated from political pressures or fear of the executive to ensure impartial justice.