The correct Answer is 1 and 4 only
Explanation
The question pertains to significant early struggles led by Mahatma Gandhi in India, focusing on their primary objectives and chronological order. These movements were instrumental in shaping Gandhi's leadership and the Indian national movement.
Statement-wise Analysis
- Champaran (1917) : Security of tenure for peasants and freedom to cultivate crops of choice.
Correct. The Champaran Satyagraha was initiated in 1917 to address the grievances of indigo cultivators in Champaran, Bihar. The peasants were forced to cultivate indigo on a portion of their land (tinkathia system) and sell it at fixed prices. The movement aimed to secure their rights, including freedom from this oppressive system and the ability to cultivate crops of their choice.
- Ahmedabad (1918) : Demand for remission of taxes following harvest failure.
Incorrect. The Ahmedabad Mill Strike of 1918 was a dispute between cotton mill owners and workers regarding a plague bonus and a demand for a wage hike (35% increase). It was not related to the remission of taxes following harvest failure.
- Kheda (1918) : Intervention in a labour dispute demanding better working conditions.
Incorrect. The Kheda Satyagraha of 1918 was a peasant movement in Kheda, Gujarat, demanding the remission of land revenue (taxes) due to crop failure caused by drought. It was not an intervention in a labour dispute demanding better working conditions.
- Rowlatt Satyagraha (1919) : First countrywide campaign against detention without trial.
Correct. The Rowlatt Satyagraha was launched in 1919 against the Rowlatt Act, which authorized the British government to imprison any person suspected of terrorism without trial. This movement marked Gandhi's first countrywide mass protest against a specific piece of legislation, advocating for civil liberties and opposing arbitrary detention.
Key Takeaway
Mahatma Gandhi's early struggles, such as Champaran and Rowlatt Satyagraha, were characterized by specific objectives related to peasant rights and civil liberties, respectively, while Ahmedabad and Kheda addressed industrial labor disputes and peasant tax remission, often confused in their details.