The correct option is 1, 2 and 3
Explanation
Climatic controls are the major factors that determine the climate of any location. There are six major controls of the climate of any place: latitude, altitude, pressure and wind system, distance from the sea (continentality), ocean currents, and relief features.Statement-wise Analysis:
- Pair 1 is correctly matched: Due to the curvature of the earth, the amount of solar energy received varies according to latitude. Consequently, air temperature generally decreases from the equator towards the poles.
- Pair 2 is correctly matched: As one moves from the surface of the earth to higher altitudes, the atmosphere becomes less dense and temperature decreases. This explains why hill stations are cooler during summers.
- Pair 3 is correctly matched: The sea exerts a moderating influence on climate. As the distance from the sea increases, its moderating influence decreases, and the location experiences extreme weather conditions (very hot during summers and very cold during winters). This condition is known as continentality.
Key Takeaway: The primary factors affecting temperature distribution and climate are latitude (solar angle), altitude (lapse rate and density), and continentality (differential heating of land and water).