The correct option is Extent of Gross National Income per capita..
Explanation
In the context of Human Development, indicators are broadly categorized into those measuring material well-being (such as income, health, and education) and those measuring social and political freedom. Liberty Indicators are specifically designed to assess the extent of democratic rights, civil liberties, and the rule of law, distinguishing them from economic metrics.
Analysis of Options:
- Extent of democratic participation in social and political decision-making. is a Liberty Indicator: The extent of democratic participation in social and political decision-making is a core measure of political freedom and civic engagement.
- Extent of constitutional protection given to rights of citizens. is a Liberty Indicator: Constitutional protection of citizens' rights ensures civil liberties, which is a fundamental aspect of liberty.
- Extent of constitutional protection of the Independence of the Judiciary. is a Liberty Indicator: The independence of the judiciary is essential for the rule of law and the impartial protection of rights, making it a critical liberty indicator.
- Extent of Gross National Income per capita. is NOT a Liberty Indicator: The extent of Gross National Income (GNI) per capita is an economic indicator used to measure the standard of living and economic performance. While it is a component of the Human Development Index (HDI), it does not measure political or civil liberty.
Key Takeaway:
Liberty Indicators measure the degree of civil and political freedom, such as democratic participation and the rule of law, whereas GNI per capita is a quantitative measure of economic standard of living.