The correct option is 1, 2 and 3
Explanation
The economic development of China is typically analyzed in two distinct phases: the pre-reform period (1949-1978) characterized by centralized planning and the post-reform period (1978 onwards) marked by market liberalization. The pre-reform era laid significant emphasis on social infrastructure and equity.
Statement-wise Analysis:
- Statement 1 is Correct: During the pre-reform period, the Chinese government prioritized the massive extension of basic health services to rural areas. Initiatives such as the "Barefoot Doctors" program ensured that primary healthcare reached remote villages, significantly improving life expectancy and reducing infant mortality rates before economic liberalization began.
- Statement 2 is Correct: The Commune system, established during the Great Leap Forward, collectivized agriculture. While it had inefficiencies regarding production incentives, it ensured a more equitable distribution of food grains among the population compared to the pre-1949 feudal structure. This social safety net prevented extreme disparities in food access during normal harvest years.
- Statement 3 is Correct: Development economists argue that the social infrastructure created during the pre-reform period-specifically the improvements in health and literacy-provided a healthy and skilled workforce. This human capital base served as a critical support system that enabled the success of the market-oriented reforms introduced in 1978.
Key Takeaway:
While China's economic boom is attributed to the 1978 reforms, the pre-reform achievements in human capital formation (health and education) and social equity provided the necessary foundation for subsequent rapid growth.