The correct option is Dual Citizenship.
Explanation
The Constitution of India establishes a federal system of government containing the usual features of a federation, such as two governments, division of powers, a written Constitution, supremacy of the Constitution, rigidity of the Constitution, and an independent judiciary. However, it also includes a strong unitary bias.
Analysis of the Options:
- Dual Citizenship: In a classical federal system like the United States, citizens hold dual citizenship (one of the nation and one of the specific state). However, the Indian Constitution provides for Single Citizenship. All citizens, irrespective of the state in which they reside, enjoy the same political and civil rights of citizenship all over the country. Therefore, Dual Citizenship is NOT a feature of the Indian federal system.
- Independent Judiciary: The Indian Constitution establishes an independent judiciary headed by the Supreme Court. This is essential to settle disputes between the Centre and the States or between states, and to interpret the Constitution. This is a valid federal feature.
- Written Constitution: The Constitution is a written document that specifies the structure, organization, powers, and functions of both the Central and State governments, reducing the scope for misunderstanding. This is a valid federal feature.
- Division of Powers: The Constitution divides powers between the Centre and the States through the Union List, State List, and Concurrent List in the Seventh Schedule. This is a core characteristic of a federal system.
Key Takeaway: While India adheres to federal principles like the division of powers and an independent judiciary, it deviates from the strict federal model by adopting Single Citizenship to foster national unity and integrity.