The correct option is Providing representation based on the size and population of each State..
Explanation
The allocation of seats in the Rajya Sabha is governed by the Fourth Schedule of the Constitution of India. The Indian federal system adopts the principle of asymmetrical representation for the Council of States (Rajya Sabha).
- Providing representation based on the size and population of each State. is Correct: Asymmetrical representation implies that the number of seats allocated to each State is determined by its population size. Consequently, more populous states have a higher number of representatives (e.g., Uttar Pradesh has 31 seats), while smaller states have fewer (e.g., Goa, Sikkim, and Nagaland have 1 seat each).
- Giving equal representation to all states regardless of population. is Incorrect: This describes symmetrical representation, which is practiced in the United States Senate. In that system, every state is granted equal representation (two seats) regardless of its population or size. The Constituent Assembly of India rejected this model to prevent smaller states from disproportionately influencing national legislation.
- Options Reserving seats specifically for economically backward states. and Allowing Union Territories to have more representatives than States. are Incorrect: There is no constitutional provision for reserving seats based on the economic status of a state, nor is there a provision allowing Union Territories to have greater representation than States. Representation is strictly based on population ratios.
Key Takeaway: Unlike the US Senate, the Rajya Sabha does not provide equal representation to all federal units. Instead, it follows the principle of asymmetrical representation, allocating seats in proportion to the population of each State.