The correct option is When the action is intended to prevent harm to others.
Explanation
The Harm Principle is a core concept in political theory, articulated by John Stuart Mill in his essay On Liberty. It serves as a foundational principle for understanding the scope of individual liberty and the justification for state or societal intervention. In the context of the Indian Constitution, this principle underpins the logic of "reasonable restrictions" imposed on Fundamental Rights.Detailed Analysis:
- When the action is intended to prevent harm to others is Correct: The Harm Principle explicitly states that the only purpose for which power can be rightfully exercised over any member of a civilized community, against their will, is to prevent harm to others. If an individual's action causes harm to other members of society, the state or society is warranted in interfering to protect the collective well-being.
- When the action violates religious customs is Incorrect: The principle does not justify interference solely based on the violation of religious customs or traditions, unless those customs result in tangible harm to others.
- When the individual's action is self-regarding is Incorrect: Mill distinguished between "self-regarding" actions (affecting only the individual) and "other-regarding" actions (affecting others). Society has no right to interfere in self-regarding actions, even if the individual harms themselves, provided they are competent adults.
- When the majority of society disapproves of the action is Incorrect: The disapproval or offense taken by the majority is not a sufficient ground for restricting liberty under the Harm Principle. The principle protects minority views and actions from the "tyranny of the majority" unless they cause actual harm.
Key Takeaway:
The Harm Principle limits societal intervention to "other-regarding" actions that cause harm to others, while granting absolute independence in "self-regarding" actions.