The correct option is Fifth century CE.
Explanation
The Vishnudharmottara Purana is an encyclopedic Sanskrit text, classified as an Upapurana. Its third section contains the Chitrasutra, which is considered the definitive ancient treatise on the techniques, aesthetics, and canons of Indian painting and iconography.Historical Analysis
- Dating of the Text: Scholars and art historians generally attribute the compilation of the Vishnudharmottara Purana to the Gupta or Post-Gupta period. While specific estimates vary slightly, the consensus places it roughly between the 5th and 7th centuries CE.
- Relevance of Fifth century CE: The Fifth century CE falls squarely within the Classical Age (Gupta period), a time characterized by the flourishing of Sanskrit literature, temple architecture, and mural painting (e.g., Ajanta Caves). The text reflects the artistic maturity of this era.
- Elimination of Other Options:
- Second century BCE (Second century BCE): This period corresponds to the Shunga or Satavahana era, which is too early for the Puranic style and technical codification found in this text.
- First century CE (First century CE): This corresponds to the Kushana period, which predates the extensive Sanskritization of such technical treatises.
- Tenth century CE (Tenth century CE): This is too late, falling into the early medieval period. By this time, the canons established in the Chitrasutra were already well-entrenched in Indian art tradition.
Key Takeaway
The Chitrasutra of the Vishnudharmottara Purana is the standard sourcebook for ancient Indian art theory, compiled during the Gupta period (approx. 5th Century CE).