The correct option is (a) 1 and 2 only.
Explanation
The Rigveda depicts a society primarily divided into two groups: the Aryas and the Dasas or Dasyus. This distinction was largely based on cultural practices, religious beliefs, and linguistic differences rather than racial features alone. The Aryas regarded the Dasas/Dasyus as adversaries who did not adhere to Aryan norms.
Statement-wise Analysis:
- Statement 1 is Correct: The Rigveda describes the Dasyus using terms such as akratu (those who do not perform sacrifices), avrata (those who do not obey the ordinances of the gods), and anyavrata (those who follow different customs). Their lack of adherence to Vedic sacrificial rituals was a primary point of distinction.
- Statement 2 is Correct: The Dasyus were referred to as mridhravach, which translates to those having indistinct, hostile, or strange speech. This indicates that they spoke a language different from the Sanskrit spoken by the Aryas.
- Statement 3 is Incorrect: The Dasas and Dasyus were generally treated as enemies or inferior beings. In many instances, they were captured during conflicts and treated as slaves. The term dasa eventually evolved to mean "slave" in later Vedic texts. They were not accorded the status of equal citizens in the tribal assemblies (Sabha and Samiti) which were dominated by the Aryan tribesmen.
Key Takeaway:
The distinction between Aryas and Dasas in the Rigveda was cultural and linguistic; Dasas were characterized by their refusal to perform Vedic sacrifices (akratu) and their distinct speech (mridhravach), eventually leading to their subjugation as slaves.