The correct option is (c).
Explanation
The Rigveda reflects a tribal society where political and social units were organized as Jana (tribe) or Vish (clan). Several specific tribes are explicitly named in the hymns, particularly in the context of inter-tribal conflicts such as the Dasarajna (Battle of Ten Kings).
Statement-wise Analysis:
- Statement 1 is Correct: The Purus are frequently mentioned in the Rigveda as a major tribe. They were one of the adversaries of King Sudas in the Battle of Ten Kings. Later, they merged with the Bharatas to form the Kuru tribe.
- Statement 2 is Correct: The Bharatas were the most prominent tribe in the Rigveda. The name Bharatavarsha is derived from this tribe. Their king, Sudas, is celebrated for his victory over a confederacy of ten tribes.
- Statement 3 is Correct: The Yadus are mentioned as one of the "Five Peoples" (Panchajana) in the Rigveda, often alongside the Turvasas, Druhyus, Anus, and Purus. They inhabited the region west of the Yamuna.
- Statement 4 is Incorrect: Magadha is not mentioned in the Rigveda. The name Magadha first appears in the Atharvaveda. The geographical horizon of the Rigveda was primarily the Sapta-Sindhu region (north-west India and Punjab), whereas Magadha (located in modern Bihar) became prominent only in the Later Vedic period.
Key Takeaway:
The Rigveda mentions tribes located in the Sapta-Sindhu region, such as the Bharatas, Purus, Yadus, Anus, and Druhyus. Regions like Magadha and Anga appear in later Vedic texts like the Atharvaveda.