Correct Option
The correct option isIt mentions the use of iron in agriculture.
Explanation
The Rigveda is the oldest known Vedic text, composed during the Early Vedic period (c. 1500–1000 BCE). This era is historically characterized by a pastoral, semi-nomadic lifestyle and a material culture based on copper and bronze, distinct from the iron-based agrarian economy of the Later Vedic period.
Statement-wise Analysis
- Statement It contains prayers for cattle and children. is Correct: The Rigvedic society was primarily pastoral. Wealth was measured in terms of cattle. Consequently, the text contains numerous prayers and hymns petitioning gods for pashu (cattle), praja (children, specifically sons), and horses.
- Statement It mentions the use of iron in agriculture. is Incorrect: The Rigveda mentions the metal 'ayas', which refers to copper or bronze. Iron, known as Krishna Ayas or Shyama Ayas, is not mentioned in the Rigveda. The use of iron in agriculture and weaponry is a defining feature of the Later Vedic period (c. 1000–600 BCE).
- Statement It describes people in terms of their work (Brahmins, Rajas). is Correct: The Rigveda describes people primarily in terms of their work or function. It mentions groups such as Brahmins (priests) and Rajas (leaders or warriors). However, the social structure was flexible, and the rigid hereditary caste system had not yet established itself.
- Statement It was composed by sages (rishis). is Correct: The hymns (Suktas) of the Rigveda were composed, recited, and preserved orally by various families of sages (rishis), such as Vashistha, Vishvamitra, and Bharadvaja.
Key Takeaway: The Rigvedic (Early Vedic) civilization was a Copper/Bronze Age culture. The introduction of iron technology and the shift to extensive agriculture occurred during the Later Vedic period.