The correct option is 1 and 3 only.
Explanation
Containerisation refers to the system of intermodal freight transport using standardized containers (such as TEUs). It has revolutionized global trade by standardizing the handling, storage, and movement of goods across various modes of transport.
Statement-wise Analysis:
- Statement 1 is Correct: Before containerisation, goods were handled manually (break-bulk cargo), which was labor-intensive and expensive. The use of standardized containers allows for automated handling by cranes and gantries, leading to a huge reduction in port handling costs.
- Statement 2 is Incorrect: Containerisation streamlined the loading and unloading process, significantly reducing the turnaround time at ports. Consequently, it decreased (not increased) the time required for the delivery of goods to export markets.
- Statement 3 is Correct: The primary advantage of containerisation is its ability to support intermodal transport. Goods can be loaded intact into a container and transferred seamlessly between ships, railways, trucks, and aircraft (using specific unit load devices) without the need to unpack or handle the goods directly at transit points.
Key Takeaway:
Containerisation drives globalization by enabling intermodal transport, which drastically lowers logistics costs and delivery times through the standardization of cargo handling.