The correct option is 1 only
Explanation
Globalization involves the integration of economies and societies through cross-country flows of information, ideas, technologies, goods, services, capital, and people. Technology, particularly in transportation and communication, has been a primary driver of this process by reducing the barriers of time and distance.
Statement-wise Analysis:
- Statement 1 is Correct: Improvements in transportation technology, such as containerization and air transport, have significantly reduced the cost and time required to move goods. This has enabled the delivery of goods over long distances at lower costs, facilitating the expansion of international trade.
- Statement 2 is Incorrect: Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has played a major role in dispersing or decentralizing the production of services rather than centralizing them. It allows services (e.g., call centers, software development, accounting) to be outsourced to countries where costs are lower, thereby spreading production across different countries.
- Statement 3 is Incorrect: Satellite communication devices are essential for connecting remote, rural, and inaccessible areas where terrestrial networks (like fiber optics or cables) are difficult to deploy. While they can be used in cities, their primary distinct advantage in the context of globalization is connecting geographically isolated regions to the global network, rather than serving as a primary tool for short-range intra-city communication.
Key Takeaway:
Technological advancements in transportation reduce trade costs, while ICT facilitates the outsourcing of services and global connectivity, acting as the backbone of modern globalization.