Correct Option
The correct option is Casualisation.
Explanation
Casualisation of the workforce refers to the process in which the share of casually hired labourers in the total workforce increases over time. It typically involves a shift from self-employment or regular salaried employment to casual wage work, often characterized by a lack of job security and social benefits.
Detailed Analysis
- Casualisation: A marginal farmer is technically classified as self-employed because they cultivate their own (albeit small) land. If this farmer loses their land or finds cultivation unviable and subsequently works on another person's farm for wages, they transition from "self-employed" to "casual labour." This specific shift is a classic example of casualisation.
- Formalisation: This refers to the transition of workers from the informal to the formal sector, where they receive social security benefits and job protection. Becoming an agricultural labourer is generally a move within the informal sector, not towards formalisation.
- Urbanisation: This implies the movement of population from rural areas to urban areas. Since the individual remains an "agricultural labourer," the setting remains rural.
- Industrialisation: This involves the growth of the industrial sector and a shift of the workforce from agriculture to manufacturing. Staying in agriculture contradicts this process.
Key Takeaway
Casualisation describes the structural shift where workers lose ownership of productive assets (like land) or regular jobs and become dependent on daily or periodic wage labour without social security.