The correct option is 2 and 3 only.
Explanation
In macroeconomics, an open economy interacts with the rest of the world through trade (exports and imports) and financial transactions. The net outcome of these interactions affects the calculation of National Income aggregates like Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and Gross National Product (GNP).
Statement-wise Analysis:
- Statement 1 is Incorrect.
In an open economy, there are active economic linkages with the rest of the world. The net earnings from foreign transactions (whether trade balance or factor income) can be positive, negative, or zero depending on the volume of exports versus imports and factor receipts versus payments. It is in a closed economy that net earnings from foreign transactions are zero, as no such transactions exist. - Statement 2 is Correct.
Broadly, net earnings from foreign transactions reflect the balance between inflows and outflows. If the value of imports (expenditure incurred abroad) exceeds the value of exports (revenue earned from abroad), the net balance is negative. This represents a deficit in the context of trade or net exports. - Statement 3 is Correct.
This statement refers to the concept of Net Factor Income from Abroad (NFIA). The relationship between domestic and national product is defined as:
Gross National Product (GNP) = Gross Domestic Product (GDP) + Net Factor Income from Abroad.
Thus, net earnings (specifically factor income) are added to GDP to derive GNP.
Key Takeaway:
GNP differs from GDP by the inclusion of Net Factor Income from Abroad (NFIA). If the economy earns less from abroad than it pays out, this value is negative, making GNP lower than GDP.