The correct option is Human Poverty Index.
Explanation
The Human Poverty Index (HPI) was introduced by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in the Human Development Report of 1997. Unlike the Human Development Index (HDI), which measures progress and achievement, the HPI measures the extent of deprivation in the three basic dimensions of human development: longevity, knowledge, and a decent standard of living.
Detailed Analysis:
- Human Poverty Index (HPI): The HPI is divided into HPI-1 (for developing countries) and HPI-2 (for selected high-income OECD countries). For HPI-1, the dimension of longevity is specifically measured by the probability at birth of not surviving to age 40. This indicator highlights the vulnerability to death at a relatively early age.
- Human Development Index (HDI): This index measures average achievements in key dimensions of human development. The indicator used for the dimension of a "long and healthy life" is Life Expectancy at birth, not the probability of dying before a specific age.
- Gross National Happiness: This is a holistic development philosophy championed by Bhutan. It utilizes nine domains (including psychological well-being, health, and time use) and 33 indicators, but it does not use the specific "probability of not surviving to age 40" metric as a standard calculation component.
- Basic Needs Approach: Introduced by the ILO, this is a strategy for economic development focusing on minimum requirements for a decent life (food, shelter, clothing). It is a conceptual approach rather than a specific composite index with defined statistical weights like the HPI.
Key Takeaway: The Human Poverty Index (HPI) focuses on deprivation and uses the "probability of not surviving to age 40" as a metric for longevity in developing countries, distinguishing it from the HDI which uses "Life Expectancy at birth." Note that the HPI has largely been replaced by the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) in recent UNDP reports.