The correct option is Mahabalipuram.
Explanation
The sculpture in question is a masterpiece of Pallava art and stands as one of the largest open-air rock reliefs in the world. It represents the zenith of Dravidian rock-cut architecture found in the coastal town of Mamallapuram (Mahabalipuram).
Detailed Analysis
- Mahabalipuram (Correct): The 'Descent of the Ganga', also widely known as 'Arjuna's Penance', is a massive monolithic relief carved on two giant rock boulders. It was created during the 7th century CE under the patronage of the Pallava King Narasimhavarman I (Mamalla). The relief depicts the mythological narrative of the river Ganga descending from the heavens to earth, led by Bhagiratha. Another interpretation suggests it portrays Arjuna performing severe austerities to obtain the Pashupatastra weapon from Lord Shiva.
- Ellora: Located in Maharashtra, this site is renowned for the monolithic Kailasa Temple (Cave 16) and a series of Hindu, Buddhist, and Jain caves, primarily associated with the Rashtrakuta and Yadava dynasties. It does not house the 'Descent of the Ganga'.
- Udaygiri: Located in Madhya Pradesh, the Udaygiri Caves are famous for Gupta-period iconography, most notably the colossal relief of the Varaha avatar of Vishnu rescuing the Earth Goddess (Bhudevi).
- Badami: Located in Karnataka, Badami is the capital of the early Chalukyas and is famous for its rock-cut cave temples dating back to the 6th century, distinct from the Pallava style found at Mahabalipuram.
Key Takeaway: The 'Descent of the Ganga' (Arjuna's Penance) is a signature open-air bas-relief located at the UNESCO World Heritage Site of Mahabalipuram, constructed under the Pallava dynasty.