The correct option is 1 and 3 only.
Explanation
The evolution of temple architecture during the Gupta period is classified into distinct stages. The early temples found in Madhya Pradesh represent the first stage of this development, marking the inception of structural stone temple architecture in India.
Statement-wise Analysis:
- Statement 1 is Correct: The early Gupta temples in Madhya Pradesh, such as those at Tigawa, Sanchi, and Eran, were constructed using sandstone. These structures represent the transition from rock-cut caves to structural masonry.
- Statement 2 is Incorrect: Temple No. 17 at Sanchi is a classic example of the first stage of Gupta architecture. It is a flat-roofed structure with a square sanctum and a pillared porch. It does not possess a curvilinear shikhara. The shikhara (tower) developed in later stages, as seen in the Dashavatara Temple at Deogarh or the brick temple at Bhitargaon.
- Statement 3 is Correct: The primary characteristic of early Gupta temples (Stage 1) is their simple flat-roofed design. They typically consist of a square garbhagriha (sanctum) and a shallow mandapa (porch) resting on pillars, without a superstructure or ambulatory path.
Key Takeaway:
Early Gupta temples (Stage 1) are characterized by flat roofs and the absence of a shikhara. The curvilinear shikhara and covered ambulatory paths were architectural innovations introduced in the later stages of the Gupta period.