The correct option is 2500-1900 BCE.
Explanation
The Harappan seals, typically made of steatite (soapstone), are among the most distinctive artifacts of the Indus Valley Civilization (IVC). They served commercial purposes, such as sealing shipments, and likely held symbolic or religious significance. The "Pashupati" seal, discovered at Mohenjo-daro, is a prime example of the artistic sophistication of this era.Chronological Analysis:
The chronology of the Indus Valley Civilization is generally divided into three phases:
- Early Harappan (c. 3300-2600 BCE): The formative phase characterized by regional cultures and the beginnings of urbanization.
- Mature Harappan (c. 2600-1900 BCE): The urban phase marked by large cities (Harappa, Mohenjo-daro), standardized weights, long-distance trade, and the mass production of the characteristic square seals with script and animal motifs.
- Late Harappan (c. 1900-1300 BCE): The period of decline and de-urbanization.
The "Pashupati" seal and the majority of the well-known seals belong to the Mature Harappan phase. Therefore, the period 2500-1900 BCE (Option a) most accurately represents the timeframe in which these artifacts were created and used.
Key Takeaway:
The artistic peak of the Indus Valley Civilization, characterized by the extensive use of steatite seals like the "Pashupati" seal, occurred during the Mature Harappan period (c. 2600-1900 BCE).