The correct option is Phase I.
Explanation
India's demographic history is broadly classified into four distinct phases based on decadal population growth trends. These phases reflect the interplay between birth rates and death rates (the determinants of growth) over the last century.Analysis of Phases:
- Phase I (1901-1921): This period is referred to as the stagnant or stationary phase. The growth rate was extremely low because both birth rates and death rates were high. Specifically, the decade 1911-1921 recorded a negative growth rate (-0.31%). This decline was driven by high mortality resulting from the influenza epidemic, famines, and lack of medical services.
- Phase II (1921-1951): Known as the period of steady population growth. Improvements in health and sanitation significantly reduced the mortality rate, while the birth rate remained high, leading to consistent growth.
- Phase III (1951-1981): Termed the period of population explosion. A sharp decline in death rates coupled with consistently high fertility rates caused a rapid surge in population.
- Phase IV (Post-1981): Characterized by a high growth rate that has shown definite signs of slowing down due to a gradual decline in the crude birth rate.
Key Takeaway:
Phase I is unique for its stagnant growth and the negative growth recorded during 1911-1921. The year 1921 marks the end of this phase and is historically known as the 'Year of Great Divide' in Indian demography.