NCERT Class 12 Geography — Chapter 3: Population : Distribution, Density, Growth and Composition

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The growth rate of population is low, even recording a negative growth rate during 1911-1921. Which phase of population growth does this statement describe?

Official previous-year question

Verified 1 Aug 2026.

Options

APhase II
BPhase III
CPhase IV
DPhase I

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Solution

The correct option is Phase I.

Explanation

India's demographic history is broadly classified into four distinct phases based on decadal population growth trends. These phases reflect the interplay between birth rates and death rates (the determinants of growth) over the last century.

Analysis of Phases:

Phase I (1901-1921): This period is referred to as the stagnant or stationary phase. The growth rate was extremely low because both birth rates and death rates were high. Specifically, the decade 1911-1921 recorded a negative growth rate (-0.31%). This decline was driven by high mortality resulting from the influenza epidemic, famines, and lack of medical services.
Phase II (1921-1951): Known as the period of steady population growth. Improvements in health and sanitation significantly reduced the mortality rate, while the birth rate remained high, leading to consistent growth.
Phase III (1951-1981): Termed the period of population explosion. A sharp decline in death rates coupled with consistently high fertility rates caused a rapid surge in population.
Phase IV (Post-1981): Characterized by a high growth rate that has shown definite signs of slowing down due to a gradual decline in the crude birth rate.

Key Takeaway:
Phase I is unique for its stagnant growth and the negative growth recorded during 1911-1921. The year 1921 marks the end of this phase and is historically known as the 'Year of Great Divide' in Indian demography.

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More from Chapter 3: Population : Distribution, Density, Growth and Composition

According to the Census of India, a 'Main Worker' is defined as a person who works for at least:

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In India's demographic history, which period is characterised as the 'period of steady population growth' due to improvements in health and sanitation?

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With reference to the composition of the working population, which sector has the highest percentage of female workers?

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With reference to the phases of population growth in India, consider the following statements: 1. The period from 1901 to 1921 is referred to as the period of population explosion. 2. The decades 1921-1951 are known as the period of steady population growth. 3. During the post-1981 period, the growth rate has started slowing down gradually despite the population remaining high. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

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Which of the following formulas correctly represents 'Physiological Density'?

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The correct option is Phase I.

Explanation

Analysis of Phases:

Phase I (1901-1921): This period is referred to as the stagnant or stationary phase. The growth rate was extremely low because both birth rates and death rates were high. Specifically, the decade 1911-1921 recorded a negative growth rate (-0.31%). This decline was driven by high mortality resulting from the influenza epidemic, famines, and lack of medical services.
Phase II (1921-1951): Known as the period of steady population growth. Improvements in health and sanitation significantly reduced the mortality rate, while the birth rate remained high, leading to consistent growth.
Phase III (1951-1981): Termed the period of population explosion. A sharp decline in death rates coupled with consistently high fertility rates caused a rapid surge in population.
Phase IV (Post-1981): Characterized by a high growth rate that has shown definite signs of slowing down due to a gradual decline in the crude birth rate.