The artificial caves at Barabar, constructed in the third century BCE, were originally made for renouncers belonging to which sect?

The correct option is Ajivika.

Explanation

The Barabar caves represent the earliest surviving examples of rock-cut architecture in India. Dating back to the Mauryan period, these structures are renowned for their distinctive "Mauryan polish" and the architectural imitation of timber construction in stone.

Detailed Analysis:

• Construction and Patronage: The caves are located in the Jehanabad district of Bihar and were constructed during the 3rd century BCE. Inscriptions found in the caves (such as the Sudama and Karna Chopara caves) confirm that they were commissioned by Emperor Ashoka.
• Religious Dedication: Although Emperor Ashoka is widely known for his patronage of Buddhism, the inscriptions explicitly record that these caves were granted to the ascetics of the Ajivika sect.
• The Ajivika Sect: The Ajivikas were a heterodox school of ancient Indian philosophy, founded by Makkhali Gosala. They were contemporaries of Buddhism and Jainism and adhered to the doctrine of Niyati (absolute determinism or fate).
• Historical Context: Later, Ashoka’s grandson, Dasharatha Maurya, also dedicated caves in the nearby Nagarjuni Hills to the Ajivika sect, indicating continued royal patronage.

Key Takeaway: The Barabar caves are the oldest surviving rock-cut caves in India, commissioned by Emperor Ashoka specifically for the Ajivika sect.