The correct option is (d) 1, 2 and 3.
Explanation
E.V. Ramasamy Naicker, popularly known as Periyar, was a rationalist and social reformer who founded the Self-Respect Movement. His ideology was centered on the eradication of the caste system, the upliftment of Dravidians, and the rejection of Brahminical dominance. He critically analyzed religious texts which he believed perpetuated social inequality and the subjugation of non-Brahmins and women.Statement-wise Analysis:
- Statement 1 is Correct: Periyar was a vehement critic of the Codes of Manu (Manusmriti). He viewed this text as the foundational source of the caste system and gender discrimination in Indian society. He organized protests to burn the Manusmriti, arguing that it legitimized the degradation of Shudras and women.
- Statement 2 is Correct: Periyar criticized the Bhagavad Gita for upholding the Varnashrama Dharma (caste-based duties). He argued that the text justified the caste hierarchy and the social status quo, which was detrimental to the self-respect of the lower castes.
- Statement 3 is Correct: Periyar offered a radical reinterpretation of the Ramayana. He viewed the epic not as a divine story but as a political tool depicting the domination of North Indian Aryans (represented by Rama) over South Indian Dravidians (represented by Ravana). He authored The Ramayana: A True Reading (often called Keemayana), portraying Ravana as a Dravidian hero and Rama as an oppressor.
Key Takeaway:
Periyar E.V. Ramasamy rejected all Hindu scriptures, including the Vedas, Puranas, and Itihasas (like Ramayana and Mahabharata), considering them instruments of Brahminical control and Aryan domination over Dravidians.