Correct Option
The correct option is (d) 1, 2 and 3.
Explanation
During the 19th and early 20th centuries, the rise of reformist organizations like the Brahmo Samaj and the Arya Samaj challenged traditional Hindu practices such as idolatry, caste restrictions, and the monopoly of scriptures by the priestly class. In response, orthodox sections of Hindu society organized themselves into various associations to defend the traditional interpretation of scriptures (Sanatan Dharma) and preserve established social hierarchies.
Statement-wise Analysis
- Statement 1 is Correct: Sanatan Dharma Sabhas were established in the late 19th century, particularly in Punjab and North India. Their primary objective was to counter the teachings of the Arya Samaj and other reformist groups. They advocated for the preservation of idol worship, traditional rituals, and the caste system, which were being critiqued by reformers.
- Statement 2 is Correct: The Bharat Dharma Mahamandal was formed in 1902 in Varanasi. It served as an all-India organization that sought to bring together various local orthodox bodies, including the Sanatan Dharma Sabhas. Its founders, such as Pandit Din Dayal Sharma, aimed to coordinate the efforts of orthodox Hindus to protect their religion and culture from the influence of Western education and reformist movements.
- Statement 3 is Correct: The Brahman Sabha was founded in Bombay (now Mumbai) in 1888. It was established specifically to defend the interests of orthodox Brahmins and to resist social reforms that threatened their traditional status and authority within the Hindu social structure.
Key Takeaway
Sanatan Dharma Sabhas, the Bharat Dharma Mahamandal, and the Brahman Sabha were reactionary organizations formed by orthodox Hindus to counter the rationalist and modernizing agenda of socio-religious reform movements in the 19th and early 20th centuries.