The correct option is A-1, B-3, C-2, D-4
Explanation
The 19th-century Indian Renaissance was characterized by the emergence of various socio-religious reform movements aimed at purifying religious practices and addressing social evils. These movements were often regionally concentrated, with specific organizations established in major administrative and cultural centers like Calcutta, Bombay, Madras, and Punjab.Analysis of the Pairs:
- A. Veda Samaj - 1. Madras:
The Veda Samaj was established in Madras (Chennai) in 1864 by K. Sridharalu Naidu. It was inspired by the Brahmo Samaj and worked towards abolishing caste distinctions and promoting widow remarriage. It was later renamed the Brahmo Samaj of Southern India. - B. Singh Sabha - 3. Punjab:
The Singh Sabha Movement was founded in Amritsar, Punjab, in 1873. It was a Sikh reform movement launched to restore the purity of Sikhism, promote modern education, and counter the proselytizing activities of Christian missionaries and the Arya Samaj. - C. Prarthana Samaj - 2. Bombay:
The Prarthana Samaj was founded in Bombay (Mumbai) in 1867 by Dr. Atmaram Pandurang. It was significantly influenced by the visit of the Brahmo leader Keshab Chandra Sen to Maharashtra. Its focus was on monotheism and social reforms such as women's education and the abolition of child marriage. - D. Brahmo Samaj - 4. Calcutta:
The Brahmo Samaj was founded in Calcutta (Kolkata) in 1828 by Raja Ram Mohan Roy. As the pioneer of socio-religious reform in India, it advocated for monotheism, the abolition of Sati, and the rejection of idolatry, serving as the intellectual hub for the Bengal Renaissance.
Key Takeaway:
The geographical centers of major 19th-century reform movements were:
Brahmo Samaj: Calcutta (Bengal)
Prarthana Samaj: Bombay (Maharashtra)
Veda Samaj: Madras (Tamil Nadu)
Singh Sabha: Amritsar (Punjab)