The correct option is A-3, B-4, C-2, D-1
Explanation
The Indus Valley Civilization maintained extensive internal and external trade networks to procure raw materials essential for craft production, as the alluvial plains lacked stone, metal, and other mineral resources.- A. Copper (Rajasthan): The Harappans sourced copper primarily from the Khetri copper mines in the Rajasthan region. Additionally, chemical analyses suggest copper was also imported from Oman (referred to as Magan in contemporary texts).
- B. Gold (Karnataka): Gold is believed to have been procured from the Kolar Gold Fields in present-day Karnataka. This suggests that Harappan trade networks extended deep into the southern part of the Indian subcontinent.
- C. Tin (Afghanistan): Tin was a scarce resource in the subcontinent but was required to produce bronze (an alloy of copper and tin). It was imported primarily from Afghanistan and Iran.
- D. Precious Stones (Gujarat): Gujarat was a significant source of semi-precious stones. Sites like Lothal were renowned for bead-making industries using materials such as carnelian, which was sourced from the region. Other stones like steatite were sourced from South Rajasthan and North Gujarat.
Key Takeaway: The Harappan procurement network was vast: Copper came from Rajasthan, Gold from Karnataka, Tin from Afghanistan, and Precious Stones (like Carnelian) from Gujarat.