The correct option is (c) 2 and 3 only.
Explanation
Indian Secularism follows the model of "Principled Distance" rather than strict separation between religion and the State. This allows the Indian State to intervene in religious matters either to bring about social reform or to provide support, provided such intervention is non-discriminatory and based on constitutional principles.
Statement-wise Analysis:
- Statement 1 is Incorrect. The Indian Constitution, under Article 17, explicitly abolishes "Untouchability" and forbids its practice in any form. The State intervenes to prohibit and punish the practice of untouchability (e.g., through the Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1955), not to enforce it. Enforcing such a practice would be a violation of Fundamental Rights.
- Statement 2 is Correct. Under Article 25(2)(b), the State retains the power to make laws providing for social welfare and reform. This allows the State to intervene in personal laws (which are often rooted in religion) to ensure gender justice and equality, such as reforming inheritance laws or marriage acts.
- Statement 3 is Correct. The Constitution allows the State to provide financial aid to educational institutions managed by religious communities. Article 30(2) specifically mandates that the State shall not discriminate against any educational institution in granting aid on the ground that it is under the management of a minority, whether based on religion or language. Thus, providing aid is a recognized form of State engagement.
Key Takeaway:
The Indian State is not strictly separate from religion; it can intervene to eradicate social evils (like untouchability), reform personal laws for social welfare, and provide financial support to religious educational institutions under the framework of Fundamental Rights.